How CNC machines work is an interesting topic and one that is forever being updated. The newest of machines will work on five or even more axes, leaving their out-dated descendants behind. However, it is important to note that the principles of CNC have not actually changed that much at all and the same basic techniques are being used as those of the very first machines. Before we look at how CNC machines work and their limitations from http://www.cam-machine.com, we will look at a few important definitions.
How CNC Machines Work : Defining the Basics
CNC stands for computer numerical control. A computer and a CAM program are used to control and automate date, the process being enabled by the digitalization of data. CNC machines can be anything from welders to grinders, waterjet cutters, to a standard milling machine. The computer used to control the machine in question will generally be an on-board computer. In the case of a hobbyist machine, an external PC will be used.
The smaller machines that are controlled by an external PC or laptop computer are generally known as desktop CNC machines. They are smaller and lighter weight than industrial machines. What this means is that they are also less rigid, less precise, and less expensive. They are perfect for making objects out of soft materials such as foam or wax, and for hobbyists who are fulfilling their passion as opposed to making the most precision parts. Some desktop machines will work similarly to a printer; others will have their own dedicated CAM software. Some desktop machines are advanced enough to except G-Code, and these are machines like those found in industrial desktop engineering.
How CNC Machines Work : CAM
CAM stands for computer aided machining or manufacturing. It refers to the software packages that are used to create the NC and toolpaths based on the data given. Computer aided machining can be used together with computer aided design. When the two run together they are known are CAD/CAM.
It is important here to not get confused and think that CAM runs the CNC machine. It does not. It simply creates the code for it to follow. In order to run a CNC machine requires experience from the controller, the developer, and the machine itself. In order to run a CNC machine successful requires knowledge of what tools and operations to use for each individual situation. CNC machines will run on several axes, and the movements can be linear or rotary. The most advanced five axes machine will have three linear axes and two rotary.
Limitations of CNC Machines
Depending on the sophistication and age of CNC machines, they can be limited both in their capabilities as well as their drive systems. In general, only straight lines and circular arcs are understood by machines in older machines. Restriction to the XYZ planes is also common. The speed at which a machine can process the data it receives can also have limitations on its performance. This can be easily compared to the capabilities and speed of an old PC or the newest and latest PC tower of laptop available on the market.
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